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Military history of the Mi'kmaq people
Mi’kmaq militias were made up of Mi’kmaq warriors (Smáknisk) who worked independently as well as in coordination with the Wabanaki Confederacy, French and Acadian forces throughout the colonial period to defend their homeland Mi’kma’ki against the English (the British after 1707).〔Many of the Acadians and Mi'kmaq people were métis. For information on Metis Acadians see: John Parmenter and Mark Power Robison. "The Perils and possibilities of wartime neutrality on the edges of empire: Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America, 1744–1760". ''Diplomatic History''. Vol. 31, No. 2 (April 2007), p. 182; Faragher, ''A Great and Noble Scheme'', 35–48, 146–67, 179–81, 203, 271–77; Daniel Paul, ''We were not the savages: Micmac perspectives on the collision of European and Aboriginal Civilizations''. 1993. 38–67, 86, 97–104; Plank, ''Unsettled Conquest'', 23–39, 70–98, 111–14, 122–38; Mark Power Robison, "Maritime frontiers: The evolution of empire in Nova Scotia, 1713–1758" (Ph.D. diss. University of Colorado at Boulder, 2000), 53–84; William Wicken, "26 August 1726: A case study in Mi’kmaq–New England Relationships in the Early 18th Century" ''Acadiensis'' XXIII, No. 1. (Autumn, 1995): 20–21; William Wicken, "Re-examining Mi’kmaq–Acadian Relations, 1635–1755" in ''Vingt Ans Apres: Habitants et Marchands'' (''Twenty Years Later''). Ed. Sylvie Depatie et al. (Montreal and Kingston, ON, 1998), 93–109.〕 The Mi'kmaq militias deployed effective resistance for over 75 years before treaties were created and the Burial of the Hatchet Ceremony took place (1761). In the nineteenth century, the Mi'kmaq "boasted" that, in their contest with the British, the Mi'kmaq "killed more men than they lost".〔("The Aborigines of Nova Scotia". ''North American Review'' (January 1, 1871), p. 4 )〕〔(Silus Rand. ''A short statement of facts relating to the history, manners, customs, language and literature of the Micmac tribe of Indians in Nova-Scotia and P.E. Island (1850)'', p. 8 )〕 In 1753, Charles Morris stated that the Mi'kmaq have the advantage of "no settlement or place of abode, but wandering from place to place in unknown and, therefore, inaccessible woods, is so great that it has hitherto rendered all attempts to surprise them ineffectual".〔(Judge Morris' account of the Acadians, drawn up in 1953, with causes of the failure of the British settlement in Nova Scotia, 1749, 50, 53 )〕 Leadership on both sides of the conflict employed standard colonial warfare, which included scalping non-combatants (e.g., families).〔John G. Reid. "Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal". ''William and Mary Quarterly'', 3rd series, 61 (2004), 77–106. Co-authored with Emerson W. Baker.〕 After some engagements against the British during the American Revolution, the militias were dormant throughout the nineteenth century, while the Mi'kmaq people used diplomatic efforts to have the local authorities honour the treaties.〔 After confederation, Mi’kmaq warriors eventually joined the Canadian War efforts in World War I and World War II. The most well-known colonial leaders of these militias were Chief (sakamaw) Jean-Baptiste Cope and Chief Étienne Bâtard.
==16th century==
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